A novel and efficient protocol was developed for synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane using eco-friendly catalyst lithium bromide.. The advanced synthetic protocol represents a novel and very simple route for preparation of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives. In addition, an ultrasound irradiation technique is successfully implemented for carrying out the reactions in shorter reaction times.">

The families which the ladybirds beetle Aphidophagous coccinellids belong, the coccinellidae, order Coleoptera are a species-rich and extremely diverse group of extensive agricultural implication habitat. They dwell in in all types of terrestrial and aquatic mangrove ecosystem. The ladybirds beetle A. coccinellidsare considered to be enormous economic significance in agro and mangrove ecosystem through their victorious role in the biological control of numerous injuries insect. From a sensible point of view, the family included several significant predators of insect pests such as Aphids and scales.The ladybird beetle natural enemies including endomorphathogens, predators and parasitoids consisting of about 12 groups were presented. Aphidophagous coccinellidson India are represented by at least nearly 35-40 species. Many other of this beetle group either refer to incidental predators of Aphids. In spite of the important role of A. coccinellidspredators in the biological control of Aphids, no serius and sustained amount of work on any A.coccinellidspredator of Aphids has been undertaken in India. Concise information about viable multiplication technologies for important species in each were observed by previously. Finally biological control of Aphids in wild and aquatic mangrove ecosystem by using diversenatural enemies is reviewed by analyzing dissimilar research works were attempts made in overseas and India. However, ladybirds beetle A. coccinellidshave proved effective in controlling populations in the field of terrestrial and aquatic mangrove ecosystems. It is accomplished that parasitoids in general and Aphids in general possess superior probable than predators and endomorphathgens both in wild terrestrial and mangrove ecosystems. Hence,the present review was aimed to determine the biological control of Aphids by ladybirds beetle A. coccinellids is analyzed.

Green synthesis of silver nanomaterials for developing biosynthetic and environmental friendly technology. The Tridax Procumbens is shows a number of biological activities like hypotensive, insecticidal, leishmanicidal, hair growth promoting, healing, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory. Silver nanomaterials have effective bactericidal activities, infection in burns, open wounds, chronic ulcer, antibacterial clothing, burn ointments, and coating for medical device. The size of nanomaterials is much smaller than that of most biological molecules and structures useful in both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research. The purpose of the study is to synthesize and characterize the plant mediated silver nanomaterials using Tridax procumbens. Further investigation of the shape and size of nanomaterials was done by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies. 

α-galactosidase from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds has been purified using a combination of various fractionation and chromatographic techniques using ion-exchange chromatography CM-cellulose and gel filtration on Superdex G- 100, giving a final specific activity of 0.1371 μmoles/min/mg with a fold purification of 6.23 and yield of 3.71 %. Analysis of the protein by SDS-PAGE revealed two protein bands of low molecular weight. Molecular mass was determined to be 28 kDa by Sephadex G- 100. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.6 and it hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl α-d galactopyranoside (PNPG) with a Km value of 0.833 mM at 37⁰C.     The enzyme was stable over a pH range of 3.0 to 6.0 and temperature range of 7 to 37⁰C. Sequence alignment of the A. heterophyllus seed α- galactosidase enzyme with other known plant α-galactosidase showed high aminoacid sequence homology. 

The present work comprises of the comparative analysis of physicochemical properties of three different soils collected from different sites of Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand, India. The physicochemical analyses of these different soil samples involve a relative assessment for parameters like soil texture, soil structure, and elemental composition of soil, pH, cationanion exchange capacity (CEC),and electrical conductivity methods. These results may be beneficial for soil management in agriculture, sustainable forest development, and pollution control.

Indiscriminate and continuous applications of synthetic chemicals in insect pest management result in ozone depletion, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenesis in non-target animals, and develop resistance in target insects. These disastrous results have shifted researches towards the use of plant derived essential oils in insect pest management. In this study, experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions to evaluate insecticidal properties of garlic, Allium sativum (Alliaceae) and dill, Anethum graveolens (Umbelliferae) essential oils against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Essential oils were isolated and evaluated to explore its repellent and insecticidal properties against S. zeamais. Oviposition, developmental and feeding inhibitory activities were also evaluated against S. zeamais adults. In toxicity assay, S. zeamais adults were killed when exposed to A. sativum and A. graveolens oils. A. sativum and A. graveolens oils reduced acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity when S. zeamais adults were fumigated with sub-lethal concentrations indicating its rapid mode of action. A. sativum and A. graveolens oils reduced oviposition, progeny production and feeding, while increaseddevelopmental period in S. zeamais. This study confirms that A. sativum and A. graveolens oils can be used as an alternative of insecticides of synthetic origin and in preparation of essential oil based formulations.

Climate change mainly through greenhouse gases and global warming is causing great threat to plant and animal biodiversity as well as the loss of green environment. The main cause of increase in temperature is due to presence of greenhouse gases in the air such as CO?, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide and others causing a change in the weather pattern. The major effects of climate change on plants are the reduction in plant productivity due to rise in temperature causing many problems to life as plants are the primary producers of food for wild life too. With the change in environment many invasive species specially weeds have a greater adaptability to grow and replace many native plants in the ecosystem. The sea-level rise due to global warming causes the increasing salinity in coastal areas affecting coastal ecosystem particularly mangrove plants.  Different parameters causing climate change have been discussed. The effect of climate change on different ecosystems of plant like Grassland, Forest, Mountain, Aquatic (Freshwater and Mangroves) and their solutions have been discussed which wiil help to restore green environment in the Earth.

The discharge of heavy metals and other toxic pollutants into waterways is one of the most significant and frequent detrimental effects of industrial activities that causes water pollution. Chromium is a major toxic pollutant, which entered the water streams through various industrial operations. In this study, adsorption of Chromium(VI) was investigated by fly ash from aqueous solutions. Fly ash has a great potential in environmental applications. Fly ash samples were collected from the Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) Kota and Shri Ram fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. (SRFC) Kota, Rajasthan. Different parameters such as pH of the solution was studied. Various adsorption kinetic models were tested in understanding the adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH?), free energy change (ΔG?) and entropy change (ΔS?) were calculated. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of chromium were analysed in the light of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.

Benzaldehyde, O-Vanillin, Indol-3-Aldehyde, Salicylaldehyde, Thiophene-2- Aldehyde (- CHO) groups as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel was investigated. The study revealed that the amide group organic compounds has an inhibitory action on the corrosion of carbon steel in the investigated medium. Corrosion rate of mild steel has studied using chemical weight loss method at room temperature. This research paper presents use of amide group organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors for metals in 0.1N, 0.01N and 0.001N (HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄) acidic medium. Organic inhibitors generally have heteroatoms O, N, and S has found to have higher basicity and electron density. Thus, act as corrosion inhibitor. O, N, and S are the active centres for the process of adsorption on the metal surface. The inhibition efficiency should follow the sequence O < N < S < P. The use of organic compounds containing oxygen, sulphur, and especially nitrogen to reduce, corrosion attack on steel should studied in some detail. The existing data show that most organic inhibitors adsorbed on the metal surface by displacing water molecules on the surface and forming a compact barrier. Availability of nonbonded (lone pair) and p-electrons in inhibitor molecules facilitate electron transfer from the inhibitor to the metal. A coordinate covalent bond involving transfer of electrons from inhibitor to the metal surface may formed. The strength of the chemisorption bond depends upon the electron density on the donor atom of the functional group and the polarizability of the group. When an H atom attached to the C in the ring is replaced by a substituent group (–NH₂, –NO₂, –CHO, or –COOH) it improves inhibition.

Respiratory function tests (EFR) constitute a decisive contribution in the evaluation and diagnosis of a chronic and/or disabling pulmonary pathology in children. This study aimed to describe the practice of EFR to the children.This was a descriptive retrospective study carried out from January 2000 to October 2004 in the functional exploration unit of the Polyclinique Internationale Sainte Anne Marie (PISAM) in Abidjan. It concerned children from 5 to 15 years old who had correctly carried out an EFR. The parameters studied were epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and the results of the EFR carried out. The devices used to perform the EFR were the COMED brand bell spirometer and the pneumotachograph.During the 5 years, 191 EFR had been carried out. The average annual frequency 38.2 cases per year. The average age was 11 years old. EFRs were performed in 39.3% of cases under the recommendation of a pediatrician. The suspicion of asthma was the first reason for requesting EFRs in 61.4% of cases. In 64% (122/191) of cases, they had normal baseline respiratory function. Basic respiratory function was pathological in 36% (69/191) of cases. The bronchial provocation test was performed in 77% (147/191). The reversibility under beta 2 mimetic after a BPD was 92% (166/180).This study confirms that the realization of EFR is still very low in children and is the most prescribed by pediatricians for a follow-up assessment of asthma. Spirometry was pathological in 36%. Bronchial provocation tests showed bronchial hyperreactivity in 69.2% of children with normal functional exploration (64%). Reversibility tests showed bronchial hyperreactivity in 72.4% of children with normal respiratory function exploration. Pulmonary function testing was requested for diagnosis (n=136).

Les explorations fonctionnelles respiratoire (EFR) constitue un apport déterminant dans l’évaluation et le diagnostic d’une pathologie pulmonaire chronique et /ou invalidante de l’enfant Cette étude avait pour objectif de décrire la pratique des EFR chez des enfants.  Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective descriptive réalisée  de Janvier 2000 à Octobre 2004 dans l’unité d’exploration fonctionnelle de la  Polyclinique Internationale  Sainte Anne Marie (PISAM) à Abidjan.  Elle a concerné les enfants de 5 à 15 ans ayant réalisé correctement une EFR.  Les paramètres étudiés étaient d’ordre épidémiologiques, cliniques, thérapeutiques et les résultats de l’EFR réalisée. Les appareils utilisés pour la réalisation de l’EFR étaient le spiromètre à cloche de marque  COMED et le pneumotachographe. Pendant les 5 ans ,191 EFR avaient été réalisés. La fréquence moyenne annuel 38,2 cas par an. L’âge moyen était 11 ans. Les EFR étaient  réalisés dans 39, 3% des cas sous recommandation d’un pédiatre. La suspicion d’asthme était le premier motif de demande des EFR dans 61,4% des cas. Dans 64% (122/191) des cas, ils avaient une fonction respiratoire de base normale. La fonction respiratoire de base était pathologique dans 36%(69/191) des cas. Le test de provocation bronchique avait été réalisé dans77% (147/191).La réversibilité sous beta 2 mimétique après un TPB était de 92%(166/180) Cette étude confirme que la réalisation des EFR reste encore très faible chez les enfants et est le plus prescrit par les pédiatres pour un bilan de suivi de l’asthme. La spirométrie était pathologique dans 36%. Les tests de provocation bronchique ont montré une hyper réactivité bronchique dans 69,2% chez les enfants ayant une exploration fonctionnelle normale (64%). Les tests de réversibilité ont montré une hyper réactivité bronchique dans 72,4% chez les enfants ayant une exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire normale. L’exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire a été demandée pour le diagnostic (n=136).